A
weather balloon is an instrument that is carried aloft by a balloon
to send back information on atmospheric temperature, atmospheric
pressure and humidity by means of a small, expendable radio transmitter.
To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction
finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global
Positioning System). The
instrument consists of two basic units, connected by a thin string.
The balloon itself produces the lift, and is usually made of a highly
flexible latex material.
The
unit that performs the actual measurements and radio transmissions
hangs at the lower end of the string, and is called a radiosonde.
Specialized radiosondes are used for measuring particular parameters,
such as determining the ozone layer.
Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium or hydrogen gas.
Weather balloons may reach altitudes of 35 km or more, limited by
diminishing pressures causing the balloon to expand to such a degree
(typically by a 100:1 factor) that it disintegrates.
Balloon used in the measurement
and evaluation of mostly upper atmospheric conditions (see atmosphere).
Information may be gathered during the vertical ascent of the balloon
through the atmosphere or during its motions once it has reached
a predetermined maximum altitude.
Today,
atmospheric information is most often gathered by height-finding
radar, remote sensing by earth-orbiting or stationary satellites,
and aircraft instruments, with weather balloons augmenting the data.
Helium, which is less dense than air (see buoyancy), is usually
used to inflate weather balloons. A pilot balloon is a small balloon
(diameter c.1 m/39 in.) whose ascent is followed visually to obtain
data for the computation of the speed and direction of winds at
different altitudes. A smaller ceiling balloon is used to determine
the altitude of cloud bases. A much larger, teardrop-shaped balloon
is used to carry a radiosonde aloft. The balloon expands as it rises,
usually reaching an altitude of at least 90,000 ft (27,400 m) before
it bursts.
A
small parachute lowers the instruments to the ground. Teardrop-shaped
balloons are also used for horizontal sounding of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity information may
be sent by radio from a balloon; monitoring of its movement provides
information about winds at its flight level. Techniques also have
been developed whereby many horizontal sounding balloons can be
monitored by earth-orbiting satellites that relay information to
earth-based stations. The tetroon is a tetrahedral balloon used
for horizontal sounding. It was developed to withstand the extremely
low pressures of high-altitude flight; the straight seals joining
its four triangular faces are stronger than the curved seals of
the more traditionally shaped balloons. Tetroons have been used
extensively in tracing low-level atmospheric currents by following
their movement with radar; they have thus increased the meteorologist’s
understanding of atmospheric turbulence, low-level vertical motions,
and air pollution dispersion.
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::: Weather
Balloon. A weather balloon is an instrument
that is carried aloft by a balloon to send back information on atmospheric
temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity by means of a small.expendable
radio transmitter. To obtain wind data,
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